Chemical Name: Denatonium benzoate

Other Names: Bitrex, Benzyldiethyl [(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate

CAS Number: 3734-33-6

Molecular Formula: C₂₈H₃₄N₂O₃

Molar Mass: 446.58 g/mol

Appearance: White crystalline powder

Taste: Extremely bitter (recognized as the bitterest known compound)

Overview:

Denatonium benzoate is a quaternary ammonium compound best known for its extremely bitter taste. It is most commonly used as a taste deterrent to prevent accidental ingestion of harmful substances by humans and animals. It is non-toxic in small amounts and is effective at very low concentrations.

Structure & Properties:

• Chemical Class: Quaternary ammonium salt
• Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol
• Melting Point: Approximately 163–170 °C
• pH (1% solution): Around 6.5–7.5

Uses & Applications:

1. Safety Additive (Bitterant):

• Added to household cleaners, antifreeze, paints, pesticides, automotive products, and cosmetics to prevent ingestion.
• Common in nail-biting deterrents and thumb-sucking prevention products.

1. Animal Repellent:

• Used to prevent chewing or ingestion by pets, rodents, or livestock.

1. Industrial Safety:

• Incorporated into industrial alcohols, coolants, and de-icers to discourage recreational consumption.

1. Consumer Goods:

• Used in toys, electronics, and personal care items as a safety precaution for children.

Regulatory Status:

• Approved for use by safety agencies worldwide (e.g., US FDA, EU, WHO).
• Not classified as toxic in small doses, though not intended for consumption.
• Used in parts per million (ppm) due to its potency.

Toxicology & Safety:

• Non-toxic at typical use levels.
• May cause mild irritation if ingested in large quantities.
• Considered environmentally safe in small applications.
• LD50 (oral, rat): > 584 mg/kg (low toxicity)

Packaging & Handling:

• Stored in cool, dry, and well-ventilated areas.
• Use PPE (gloves, mask, goggles) when handling large quantities to avoid irritation.
• Avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes due to its intense bitterness and possible irritation.

Conclusion:

Denatonium benzoate is a powerful, safe, and effective bittering agent used worldwide to prevent accidental poisoning and misuse of chemicals. Its extreme bitterness makes it a trusted tool in safety and consumer product formulation.